01
Annealing: A process used to soften metals, relieve internal stresses, and improve ductility by heating the material to a specific temperature and then slowly cooling it.
02
Quenching: Involves heating a metal to a high temperature and then rapidly cooling it, usually in water or oil, to harden the material. This process is often followed by tempering to reduce brittleness.
03
Tempering:Performed after quenching, tempering involves reheating the metal to a lower temperature to improve toughness and reduce brittleness.
04
Case Hardening:A process that hardens the surface of the metal while maintaining a softer, more ductile core. Techniques include carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding.
05
Normalizing: This process involves heating the metal above its critical temperature and then allowing it to cool in air. It refines the grain structure and improves mechanical properties.
06
Stress Relieving: Heating the metal to a specific temperature and then cooling it slowly to relieve internal stresses caused by prior processing.
